Local exchange

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A telephone exchange is a telephone system located at service centers central offices responsible for a small geographic area that provided the switching or interconnection of two or more individual subscriber lines for calls made between them, rather than requiring direct lines between subscriber stations.

This made it possible for subscribers to call each other at homes, businesses, or public spaces. These made telephony an available and comfortable communication tool for everyday use, and it gave the impetus for the creation of a whole new industrial sector. As with the invention of the telephone itself, the honor of "first telephone exchange" has several claimants.

Coy designed and built the first commercial US telephone exchange which opened in New Haven, Connecticut in January, The switchboard was built from "carriage bolts, handles from teapot lids and bustle wire" and could handle two simultaneous conversations. In Europe other early telephone exchanges were based in London and Manchesterboth of which opened under Bell patents in In front of the jack panel lay a horizontal panel containing two rows of patch cords, each pair connected to a cord circuit.

When a calling party lifted the receiver, the local loop current lit a signal lamp near the jack. For a long distance call, she plugged into a trunk circuit to connect to another operator in another bank of boards or at a remote central office.

Inthe average time to complete the connection for a long-distance call was 15 minutes. The operator would be disconnected from the circuit, allowing her to handle another call, while the caller heard an audible ringback signal, so that that operator would not have to periodically report that she was continuing to ring the line.

In when military calls had priority, a cross-country US call might take as long as 2 hours to request and schedule in cities that used manual switchboards for toll calls.

On March 10,Almon Brown Strowgeran undertaker in Kansas City, Missouripatented the stepping switcha device which led to the automation of telephone circuit switching.

While there were many extensions and adaptations of this initial patent, the one best known consists of 10 levels or banks, each having 10 contacts arranged in a semicircle.

When used with a rotary telephone dialeach pair of digits caused the shaft of the central contact "hand" of the stepping switch to first step ratchet up one level for each pulse in the first digit and then to swing horizontally in a contact row with one small rotation for each pulse in the next digit.

Later stepping switches were arranged in banks, the first stage of which was a linefinder. Exchanges based on the Strowger switch were eventually challenged by other exchange types and later by crossbar technology.

At a later date many also accepted DTMF "touch tones" or other tone signaling systems. This technology was used as late as mid Exchange building in Miskolc, Hungary Technologies[ edit ] Many terms used in telecommunication technology differ in meaning and usage among the various English speaking regions.

For the purpose of this article the following definitions are made: Manual service is a condition in which a human telephone operator routes calls inside an exchange without the use of a dial.

Dial service is when an exchange routes calls by a switch interpreting dialed digits. A telephone switch is the switching equipment of an exchange. A concentrator is a device that concentrates traffic, be it remote or co-located with the switch.

An off-hook condition represents a circuit that is in use, e. An on-hook condition represents an idle circuit, i.

A wire center is the area served by a particular switch or central office. Central office originally referred to switching equipment and its operators, it is also used generally for the building that houses switching and related inside plant equipment.

In United States telecommunication jargon, a central office C. Manual service exchanges[ edit ] Main article: Telephone switchboard PBX switchboard With manual service, the customer lifts the receiver off-hook and asks the operator to connect the call to a requested number.

Most urban exchanges provided common-battery service, meaning that the central office provided power to the subscriber telephone circuits for operation of the transmitter, as well as for automatic signaling with rotary dials.

The telephone presents an open circuit when it is on-hook or idle. During this transition period, once numbers were standardized to the 2L-4N or 2L-5N format two-letter exchange name and either four or five digitsit was possible to dial a number located in a manual exchange and be connected without requesting operator assistance.

The policy of the Bell System stated that customers in large cities should not need to be concerned with the type of office, whether they were calling a manual or an automatic office.

When a subscriber dialed the number of a manual station, an operator at the destination office answered the call after seeing the number on an indicatorand connected the call by plugging a cord into the outgoing circuit and ringing the destination station.

For example, if a dial customer calling from TAylor dialed a number served by a manual exchange, e. The party line letters W, R, J, and M were only used in manual exchanges with jack-per-line party lines.

Montreal telephone exchange c. Rural areas, as well as the smallest towns, had manual service and signaling was accomplished with magneto telephones, which had a crank for the signaling generator.Georgia's gubernatorial race results could benefit New Mexico's film industry Nov 19 - PM.

The results of a gubernatorial election more than a thousand miles away could mean big business. A local exchange carrier (LEC) is the term used in the U.S.

for describing the telephone company which operates within a local area and provides telecommunication services within that area. The HITEMMP (High Intensity Thermal Exchange through Materials, and Manufacturing Processes) program will develop novel approaches and technologies for design topologies, materials, and manufacturing of high temperature, high pressure, and highly compact heat exchangers.

Download Local Exchange for free. Local Exchange is a web-based local currency system. Local currency systems, such as LETS or Time Dollars, are designed to foster goods and service exchange on a community level.

Shaun Lamont completed his Bachelor of Accounting Science (BCompt) through UNISA and completed his articles in Durban. Shaun joined Club Leisure Group in March of and was appointed as Financial Director in and then as Managing Director.

Places to buy bitcoin in exchange for other currencies. Note: Exchanges provide highly varying degrees of safety, security, privacy, and control over your funds and information. Perform your own due diligence and choose a wallet where you will keep your bitcoin before selecting an exchange.